Medication for rheumatoid arthritis typically falls into one of three categories:

DMARDsCorticosteroidsNonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (2)

The medications your doctor prescribes will usually change over the course of time. If following the treat-to-target paradigm, your doctor will continually monitor your disease activity (with serial examinations and lab work) and adjust your medications to help you reach your disease target — which in most cases is remission or low-disease activity. Be sure to start a conversation with your doctor about a treat-to-target approach for RA. While treat-to-target yields superior outcomes versus standard RA care, it has not yet been widely adopted, according to a 2019 study. (3) Given that the majority of this irreversible damage occurs within the first two years of the disease, early diagnosis and treatment are vital to protecting the joints and preventing disability. (1,2,4) Treatment with disease-modifying drugs can help stop disease activity, as well as joint and bone destruction. Along with medication, various lifestyle changes can help reduce RA-related joint damage or reduce the risk of complications associated with RA (such as cardiovascular disease). These lifestyle changes include:

Quitting smoking cigarettesEngaging in low-impact exercisesLosing weightAdopting a healthier diet, particularly an anti-inflammatory diet (1)

Each conventional (nonbiologic) DMARD is different, but they all work by slowing the inflammatory process of the body, protecting the joints from further damage. These drugs are generally prescribed at the time of or shortly after diagnosis. (5) Which DMARD your doctor prescribes depends on numerous things, including your past history and other medical conditions, the severity of the disease, and the balance between possible side effects and the benefits of the DMARD. But for many with RA, one DMARD may not be enough to adequately control the disease, in which case your doctor may prescribe multiple medications to treat this form of arthritis.

The most frequently used DMARD for RA is methotrexate (Trexall), which takes up to six weeks to start working, with the full effect not seen until after 12 weeks of treatment. Up to 90 percent of people with RA take methotrexate at some point during treatment. About 20 percent of patients eventually stop taking methotrexate due to its side effects, which include upset stomach, sore mouth, fatigue, and hair thinning due to a drop in folic acid levels from the drug. Patients are often given folic acid supplements to minimize these side effects. Your doctor may prescribe other DMARDs along with methotrexate, including:

leflunomide (Arava)sulfasalazine (Azulfidine)hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil)

These drugs may cause various other side effects, such as rash, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Vision and eye problems may also occur, but they are less common, at least initially. (7)

What Is Anti-TNF Therapy?

The first types of biologics that hit the market work by binding and inhibiting tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF), a pro-inflammatory protein. These drugs may be used in combination with methotrexate, though two biologics are never used in combination with each other. (8) TNF inhibitors include:

etanercept (Enbrel)infliximab (Remicade)adalimumab (Humira)certolizumab (Cimzia)golimumab (Simponi) (7)

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) warns that TNF inhibitors may be associated with an increased risk of lymphomas (cancer of the lymph nodes). But research from 2017 suggested these drugs don’t affect lymphoma risk, which may actually be due to RA-related inflammation. (9) This family of medications may increase the risk of certain skin cancers, however, so be sure to talk with your rheumatologist if you have been diagnosed with cancer. Other biologics target other immune system factors, such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, CD20-positive B cells, and T cell activity. These drugs are usually only prescribed if you’re unresponsive or develop an adverse reaction to treatments with methotrexate and a TNF inhibitor. (1,2,4) These other biologics include:

tocilizumab (Actemra)abatacept (Orencia)rituximab (Rituxan)sarilumab (Kevzara)

A study from 2019 found that tofacitinib remained effective for at least eight years and safe for at least nine-and-a-half years. (11) Two additional JAK inhibitors were approved by the FDA in 2018 and 2019: baricitinib (Olumiant), which is typically used alongside conventional DMARDs for people who have shown poor responses to certain biologics; and upadacitinib (Rinvoq), for adults with moderate to severe RA that is not being well-controlled by methotrexate. These drugs are often used for rapid control of worsening RA symptoms while waiting for DMARDs to take effect. They can quickly reduce pain, stiffness, swelling, and tenderness of joints. But corticosteroids are only used for short-term relief because they can cause a number of serious side effects in the long run, including:

OsteoporosisCataractsGlaucomaWorsening diabetesWeight gainHigh blood pressureDepressionEdemaIncreased risk of infection (2,7)

Over time, NSAIDs can increase your risk of gastrointestinal bleeding, fluid retention, and heart disease. Over-the-counter NSAIDs include:

naproxen sodium (Aleve)aspirin (Vazalore)ibuprofen (Advil)

Prescription NSAIDs include:

diclofenac (Voltaren)piroxicam (Feldene)indomethacin (Indocin)meloxicam (Mobic)celecoxib (Celebrex)etodolac (Lodine) (5)

Mild flare-ups can sometimes be treated at home with NSAIDs, rest, hot or cold compresses, or gentle exercise. If these treatments don’t work, your doctor may prescribe oral corticosteroids, which will help reduce the inflammation causing your symptoms, and possibly adjust the dose of any conventional or biologic DMARDs you may be taking. Importantly, it’s best to try to treat your flare-up rather than take the wait-and-see approach to prevent further joint damage. (14) While some RA medications can be taken safely during pregnancy, others have been shown to cause harm to a developing baby. Be sure to talk with your rheumatologist at least six to nine months before trying to conceive so that appropriate changes (if needed) can be made to your RA therapy.